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TEST
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1) There are no less than 135 countries comprising
the so-called "third world" known variously as "less
developed or "developing" or "underdeveloped" or
"poor" countries. There is a great diversity among
them, and yet they have a number of features in
common. .......... . As an illustration, some of the
oil-producing countries have achieved very high
levels of income per capita while retaining many of
the other characteristics of less developed
countries.
A) Their natural sources are so limited that
economically they are mostly dependent on
international aid
B) Population explosion is a major problem many
countries are unable to cope with
C) In such countries there is a great demand for an
educated arid skilled workforce
D) Death rates have fallen sharply in response to
improved health services
E) Foremost among these is their poverty, but even
poverty is not universal
2) During the Middle Ages, Marcillius flourished
greatly as her trade expanded. .......... . At that
time she not only controlled the main trade route
between North and South , however she also built up
a considerable empire on the mainland of Italy and
down the Adriatic Coast, including parts of Greece.
Apart from the Ottoman Empire, there was no other
power to challenge her.
A) Furthermore, the city was originally founded by
refugees who had fled here, from the attacks of
Attila and his armies on the mainland of north Italy
B) However, when new routes to the East were
discovered, her power and wealth began to decline
C) On the other hand, it was ruled by a supreme
magistrate, called the "Doge", and by councillors
elected from among the aristocracy
D) In fact, by the fifteenth century she was
enjoying her golden age
E) Moreover, she came into fierce conflict with the
other sea-trading power, Genoa
3) It is the sports pages in newspaper that enable a
lot of evening papers to sell well. .......... .
Those people who have made bets on horse races are
anxious to know whether the horse on which they have
bet has come first and so they buy an evening
newspaper.
A) The popular newspapers have much larger
circulations than the serious newspapers
B) These have many pages of photographs and numerous
strip cartoons
C) The London newspaper that is best known abroad is
probably The Times
D) These give the latest sports results of the day
E) In winter people are more interested in football
matches than Horse races
4) In some situations, television is quite
insufficient It is not good, for example, at
presenting abstract ideas. .......... . On
television the narrative is the subtext; the
pictures are the real text.
A) Such an approach has always met with disapproval
B) That is why a really vibrant speaker is a
liability
C) Obviously, the problem stems from the lack of
adequate resources to sponsor such programs
D) This is because television is less a communicator
of ideas than it is a teller of stories through
pictures
E) Difficult scientific ideas can even be explained
with the aid of graphics
5) .......... .The toxins are carried on the breezes
from power stations and autobahns across the most
polluted continent on earth. When the poison falls
to the ground it chokes the pores of leaves on trees
from the Gajaro to the Deyupa; it eats away at stone
and brick, paper and rubber; it destroys soils and
flows into rivers where it kills fish. It kills
humans, too.
A) Countries such as China and Japan have banished
smoke
B) The skies above Europe are poisoned
C) All this should frighten us
D) Today's air pollution is every bit as lethal as
the black smokes it has replaced
E) Nowhere is safe enough
6) It seems that in most of the countries the
categorizing of the handicapped is undergoing a
change. In particular the idea of mental handicap is
being recognized. The case of autistic
children is an example of this.......... .
A) Judging from the data gathered recently,
throughout the world the handicapped are not
receiving the care they actually need
B) So far as the authorities are concerned, more
attention should be given to budgetary restrictions
C) In contrast, the handicapped can get effective
education in regular classrooms
D) In fact, among the reforms proposed by the
Ministry, is the reform of general education
E) It is now clear that these children can be taught
7) The brain's basic nutritional substance is
glucose. ........... If a diabetic patient receives
an overdose of insulin there is a fall in the
blood's glucose.
A) This can have a harmful effect on a child's
learning process
B) The brain is very sensitive to changes in the
blood's glucose level
C) Moreover, the brain is the seat of intelligence
D) Even so the effects of smoking cannot be
counterbalanced
E) Surgeons know exactly where to cut the affected
part of the brain
8) . Bacteria are minute, single-sided organisms of
variable form and activity. Along with the viruses,
they are classified as the lowest forms of plant
life. Bacteria are everywhere - in soil, water,
dust, and in air. -----. Some turn decaying
vegetable matter into manure; others, within the
human or animal body, assist in the development of
certain vitamins essential to health.
A) There are still many bacteria whose size and
shape are not known yet.
B) Food poisoning is also caused by various kinds of
bacteria.
C) A high-powered microscope is needed to detect
bacteria in some substances.
D) Under hygienic circumstances no bacterial
activity takes place.
E) There are thousands of different types and many
perform useful functions.
9) . Vegetables eaten freshly cooked are safe. They
may be polluted after cooking or be subject to spore
germination and outgrowth if cooled slowly and
stored warm. Salad vegetables, lettuce,
tomatoes,radishes, cucumber and watercress should be
washed in water for not less than 30 seconds.
A) In some restaurants a great variety of salad is
served.
B) Some people are not fond of vegetables at all.
C) Water pollution is a serious danger that
threatens the world.
D) This is especially important in countries where
crops are sometimes flooded with water polluted with
human and animal sewage.
E) As a result of easy transportation and good
packaging, tropical vegetables are distributed
worldwide.
10) . ------. Never has a statement made anywhere
been meant more literally. Without energy, nothing
could walk, fly, prowl, dive, swim, chew, hiss,
bark, or grow. Einstein showed that even matter is
A) Form of energy. It should be clear, then, why
energy is central to one of the cardinal principles
of ecology. A. The importance of energy to human
beings is often overestimated.
B) Without energy there would be nothing.
C) The energy problem has been the main concern of
many governments.
D) The energy sources of the world are constantly
being wasted.
E) The committee has decided the new energy policy
for the decade ahead.
11) . Even the smallest organization, public or
private, has a personal role. People are an
organization's main resource and, although the links
between the personnel department and other
department are not always obvious, it is important
that cooperation between all departments and
personnel is maintained. It is the personnel
department, with the help of other departments,
which will implement any manpower policies by
recruiting, selecting and training all employees.
A) This shows that personnel departments carry out
crucial functions in organizations. a case.
B) That is why institutions will be forced to make
huge investments.
C) Certainly, some functions such as research or
legal advice are carried out by different staff.
D) In fact, no government agency would have been
involved in such
E) Initially, each department was required to submit
their proposals for improvement.
12). ------ There is, for example, and obvious
relationship between in-creases in economic wealth
and general improvements in our life styles. The
extent of the interrelationship between social and
economic change means that many business
organizations are affected by changes in society.
A) The nature of family life is constantly changing.
B) Most forms of social change are related to
economic change.
C) New economic policies adopted by the government
give priority to economic growth.
D) Successive governments have tried to solve the
problems resulting from economic change.
E) Population growth has a damaging effect on
economic recovery.
13) . In 1929 the stock market crashed and the Great
Depression of the 1930's began.
...................... and almost at once the
nation's confidence in its government and its
political leaders vanished.
A) Economic theory has never really explained how it
happened.
B) There was to be terrible suffering in both Europe
and America.
C) The prosperity that had seemed so permanent now
ended abruptly.
D) Steinbeck wrote The Grapes of Wrath during these
years.
E) The road to recovery was a long and slow one.
14) . ......................... In other words, all
our power is based on the control of natural
sources, in the sense that the energy or fuel is
never man made. It already exists as in the wind and
in rivers ; it may be stored up as in oil or coal or
uranium.
A) Man derives energy from many different sources
B) All our sources of power are " natural"
C) Energy is as indestructible as matter itself
D) Power can be defined as energy under control
E) In due course all energy returns whence it came
15) . With the Renaissance the arts ceased to be
mainly religious. The heavens fell into background
and the earth came to the
fore....................... Power pictures were
painted of the angels in heaven and more of the
people in the world.
A) There was obviously a great deal of corruption in
the church.
B) The Renaissance means the rebirth of classical
learning.
C) Leonardo da Vinci, for instance, painted many
pictures with religious themes.
D) Michael Angelo is a typical product of
Renaissance times.
E) The trend was to build palaces rather than
cathedrals.
16) . During the middle ages, Venice flourished
greatly as her trade expanded ........... . At that
time, she not only controlled the main trade route
between East and West, but she also built up a
significant empire on the mainland of Italy and down
the Adriatic Coast, including parts of Greece. Apart
from the Ottoman Empire,there was no other power to
challenge her.
A) Furthermore, the city was originally founded by
refugees who had fled here from the attacks of
Attila and his armies on the mainland of North
Italy.
B) However, when new routes to the East were
discovered, her power and wealth began to decline. ,
C) On the other hand, it was ruled by a supreme
magistrate, called the Doge, and by councillors
elected from among the aristocracy.
D) In fact, by the fifteenth century she was
enjoying her golden age.
E) Moreover, she came into fierce conflict with the
other sea trading power, Geneva.
17) . There are no less than 140 countries the
so-called " third world "known variously as " less
developed " or poor countries. There is a great
diversity among them, and yet they have a number of
features in common............................ For
example, some of the oil producing countries have
achieved very high levels of income per capita while
retaining many of the other characteristics of less
developed countries.
A) Their natural sources are so limited that
economically they are mostly dependent on
international aid.
B) Population explosion is a major problem many
countries are unable to cope with.
C) In such countries there is a great demand for an
educated and skilled workforce.
D) Death rates have fallen sharply in response to
improved health services.
E) Foremost among these is their poverty, but even
poverty is not universal.
18) . Train Unions started out as small social
clubs.......... It was not until 1871 that they were
legally recognized. From that day on they rapidly
grew in power. The essential question today is
whether they really use that power in the interests
of the members.
A) They simply aimed at getting fair treatment for
the workers and better working conditions.
B) Within a short space of time they grew into
powerful organizations.
C) Consequently, membership has never been optional.
D) The movement turned out to be short-lived.
E) Surprisingly enough, it hasn't attracted much
attention.
19) . It is the sports page that enable a lot of
evening papers to sell well....... Those people who
have made bets on horse races are worried about know
whether the horse on which they have bet has come
first and so they buy an evening paper.
A) The popular newspapers have much larger
circulations than the serious newspapers.
B) These have many pages of photographs and numerous
strip cartoons.
C) The London newspaper that is best known abroad is
probably The Times.
D) These give the latest sports results of the day.
E) In winter people are more interested in football
matches than horse races.
20) . Man's continued survival depends on two basic
activities, agriculture and mining. In case of
agriculture, the soil can be managed so that year
after year it will produce good harvests.
............ Once a mineral or fossil fuel has been
removed from the ground it has gone for ever.
A) This is why few people are now going in for
farming.
B) With mining the situation is very different.
C) In many countries industry has replaced
agriculture.
D) The consumption of raw materials has begun to
exceed production.
E) Climate is another factor influencing
agriculture.
21) . ........ As a student he showed no special
talent for design. He finally graduated but was out
of work for nearly a year. Then he found a job with
Bowles, a little-known firm. Now, after only five
years he is one of the foremost designers in the
textile world.
A) Mark is the only member of the Shaw family who is
working in textiles.
B) Mark Shaw's career is of no particular interest.
C) Mr. Shaw had always expected his son Mark would
be a lawyer like himself.
D) Mark, like other members of the Shaw family,
loves to travel.
E) Mark Shaw's success has surprised a lot of people
including himself.
22) . In certain situations, television is quite
inadequate. It is not good,for example, at
presenting abstract ideas. ________ . On television
the narrative is the subtext; the pictures are the
real text.
A) Difficult scientific ideas can even be explained
with the aid of graphics. a teller of stories
through pictures
B) That's why a really vibrant speaker is a
liability
C) This is because television is less a communicator
of ideas than it is
D) Such an approach has always met with disapproval
E) Obviously, the problem stems from the lack of
adequate resources to sponsor such programmes.
23) . Truly democratic countries do not go to war
with one another or sponsor terrorism against other
democracies. They do not build weapons of mass
destruction to threaten one another. They are more
reliable, open, and enduring trading partners, and
offer more stable climates for investment. ____.
A) On the other hand, conventional arms must also be
put under control to eliminate any threat of war in
the world.
B) In conclusion, no democratic country is strong
enough to safe- guard its own interests at the
expense of others.
C) However, the current global economic recession is
a growing threat to the interests of industrialized
countries.
D) Indeed, such major problems as pollution,
unemployment, political stability, and population
growth can only be solved through global cooperation
and development.
E) Furthermore, they are more likely to honour
international treaties and value legal obligations.
24) . There are times when I find it almost
impossible to read for pleasure. Of course, I read
for a living; as an editor for a publishing firm, I
spend much of my working day with manuscripts,
proofs,newspapers and magazines. Also, many evenings
and weekends are consumed by books I have to read in
order to keep up. Some of this reading gives me
pleasure; ________.
A) therefore, anyone interested in literature as
such had to devote much time to the great classics
of the world
B) yet, it is not the kind of pleasure I once
regularly got from literature
C) frankly, I can always find plenty of spare time
to read the books that I enjoy most
D) obviously, some people seem not have much of a
taste for detective and mystery novels
E) admittedly, editing new books for publication is
a job that is really to be done leisurely
25) . What is needed today to reduce the volume of
solid wastes is not stricter regulation, but a
better means of pricing waste disposal.Most people
and firms have no idea at all about the cots of
waste disposal. ________ . With such pricing
systems, the cost of waste disposal is not fully
understood; hence, effective waste-management
strategies must be introduced to communicate to
consumers the true, total cost of waste disposal.
A) On the contrary, in some countries huge amounts
of public money and a lot of legal arrangements have
been put into use to control waste disposal
B) In some pollution cases, the problem is the
toxicity of the waste, not just its volume
C) Governments are expected to take more
comprehensive measures to prevent the deterioration
of the situation
D) Many firms have already been fined for negligence
and failure
E) In many countries, these costs are simply
included in property or income taxes
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