1) New
York is America's most populous city; New York, the
“Big Apple”, is one of the world's leading
commercial, financial, and cultural centres.
________; in descending order of area, the boroughs
are Queens, Brooklyn, Staten Island, the Bronx, and
Manhattan. Almost all of the Bronx is situated on
the mainland, but the other boroughs are situated
on, or comprise, islands.
A) New York is subdivided into five boroughs
B) New York has been the gateway to America for
successive influxes of immigrants from Europe
C) New York is a financial, commercial,
manufacturing, and tourist centre.
D) The financial district of Lower Manhattan
includes the New York Stock Exchange
E) Much domestic and international trade is
conducted in New York's offices
2) As a writer, Lamartine is known chiefly for his
poetry, which has the Romantic characteristics of
sentiment. __________. His most popular and
influential volume of poems is Méditations poétiques
(Poetic Meditations, 1820).
A) He was minister of foreign affairs in the
provisional government
B) It was expressed with lyric grace and refinement.
C) Lamartine was also a prolific writer of fiction
D) His prose works include Histoire de Girondins
(1847)
E) Other volumes are Nouvelles méditations poétiques
(New Poetic Meditations
3) The Kei School of sculptors, particularly Unkei,
created a new, more realistic style of sculpture.
The two Nio guardian images illustrate Unkei's
dynamic suprarealistic style. ________. Hence, they
were noteworthy indicatives of a developed studio
system of artisans.
A) The multiple block technique allowed construction
of large statues.
B) Unkei's polychromed wood sculptures are among the
most accomplished realistic works of the period
C) They are remarkably individualized and believable
images.
D) The images were carved of multiple blocks in a
period of about three months.
E) The Kegon Engi Emaki, is an excellent example of
the popularizing trend.
4) Education in Saudi Arabia is free but not
compulsory. In the early 1990s the country had
approximately 10,000 elementary schools with a total
annual enrolment of about 2 million pupils.
_________. As a result, they could obtain the aim of
reducing the country’s great dependence on other
Arab countries for teachers.
A) King Saud University was founded as the
University of Riyadh in 1957.
B) Three other institutions of advanced learning are
the Technical Institute
C) Additional institutes for religious training are
located in Riyadh
D) Every year a number of qualified young Saudis
enrol for advanced study in Europe.
E) In recent decades, teacher-training institutes
have been established.
5) __________. Being one of the most serious forms
of water pollution, it has most often been used in
connection with losses of crude oil, or petroleum,
to the marine environment. Best known among these
are the big tanker wrecks such as the Torrey Canyon
and the Exxon Valdez, the former spilling 860,000
barrels of oil off the coast of Cornwall, England
A) About 10 per cent of the oil is derived from
tanker accidents.
B) Oil Pollution is the contamination of any part of
the environment with any liquid hydrocarbon.
C) Other sources are atmospheric fallout, natural
oil seepage.
D) Oil will be degraded by physical processes.
E) Evaporation of the oil occurs rapidly, with the
volatile components.
6) The law of universal gravitation states that
every particle of matter in the universe attracts
every other particle with a force directly
proportional to the products of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them. ___________.
A) Consequently, the gravitational pull diminishes
with distance from the earth.
B) The gravitational field, however, extends to an
infinite distance
C) Objects in a spacecraft are said to be weightless
when it is in orbit.
D) Under these conditions, the objects float freely
in the craft.
E) The spacecraft, therefore, must orbit if it is to
remain in space.
7) The early history of the art of Assyria is still
largely unknown. Middle Assyrian art shows some
dependence on established Babylonian stylistic
traditions, but secular themes are depicted more
naturalistically. _________. At this time the
technique of glazing bricks was used in Mesopotamia
A) It later resulted in the decoration of entire
structures faced with glazed bricks.
B) Unlike earlier, plant ornamentation is highly
stylized and artificial.
C) Symbols frequently replace depictions of gods.
D) For an illustration of these, the ziggurat was
the principal form of Assyrian temple architecture.
E) The narrative frieze became the most important
aspect of Assyrian art.
8) Cellular, or mobile phones, originally used in
cars, airliners, and passenger trains, but
increasingly becoming universal, are basically
low-power radio-telephones. _______. However, they
are getting more appealing as the days are passing.
A) Calls go through radio transmitters that are
located within small geographical units called
cells.
B) Narrow-band frequency modulation (FM) is the most
common mode of transmission
C) The cellular market in Britain alone had grown at
a rapid rate to over 6 million users by 1996.
D) In Japan it is as high as one mobile phone per
ten people.
E) In the United Kingdom cable operators are gaining
some 500,000 extra subscribers per month.
9) William Shakespeare was born on April 23rd, 1564
and died on April 23rd, 1616. This situation that
Shakespeare came to the world and passed away on the
same day and month is still making authorities busy.
___________. As a consequence of that debate, today
all the people both on television and in the street
are not sure about whether this is possible or not.
It seems that this discussion will go on forever.
A) For it seems impossible that his birth date and
the date of death can be punctual, they are not
decisive whether a character like this lived or not.
B) What makes their mind busy is that they don’t
have enough documents about this former life.
C) There are still some rumours that Shakespeare was
affected by the way of life people were leading in
those days.
D) The main problem was that further information
couldn’t be gained because of the lack of written
documents.
E) His contemporaries who lived in those days
mention about that literary figure’s biography.
10) The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered
Mark Twain’s masterpiece. The book is the story of
the title character, known as Huck, a boy who flees
his father by rafting down the Mississippi River
with a runaway slave, Jim. __________. Another theme
of the novel is the conflict between the Huck’s
feelings of relationship with Jim, who is one of the
few people he can trust, and his knowledge that he
is breaking the laws of the time by helping Jim
escape.
A) Huckleberry Finn, which is almost entirely
narrated from Huck’s point of view, is noted for its
authentic language
B) Twain’s skill in capturing the rhythms of that
life help make the book one of the masterpieces of
American literature
C) Huck’s adventures also provide the reader with a
panorama of American life along the Mississippi
before the civil war
D) Another interesting point to that story is the
fact that it has appealed to the interest of the
reader very much
E) The pair’s adventures show Huck and the reader
the cruelty of which men and women are capable
11) The Mona Lisa, Leonardo's most famous work, is
known for its mastery of technical innovations as
for the mysteriousness of its legendary smiling
subject. _________. Sfumato is characterized by
subtle, almost infinitesimal transitions between
colour areas, creating a delicately atmospheric haze
or smoky effect; it is especially evident in the
delicate gauzy robes worn by the sitter and in her
enigmatic smile. Chiaroscuro is the technique of
modelling and defining forms through contrasts of
light and shadow.
A) Leonardo was among the first to introduce
atmospheric perspective into his landscape
backgrounds
B) Leonardo's many extant drawings, which reveal his
mastery of the anatomy of humans, may be found in
the principal European collections.
C) This work is a consummate example of two
techniques sfumato and chiaroscuro
D) Because none of Leonardo's sculptural projects
was brought to completion, his approach to
three-dimensional art can only be judged from his
drawings.
E) Although Leonardo produced a relatively small
number of paintings, he was an extraordinarily
innovative and influential artist.
12) Improvements in transport affected agriculture.
Roads, canals, and railway lines enabled farmers to
obtain necessary supplies and to market their
produce over a wider area. Food could be protected
in transport and shipped more economically than
before as a result of rail, ship, and refrigeration
developments of the late 19th and early 20th
centuries. Efficient use of these developments led
to increasing specialization and eventual changes in
the location of agricultural suppliers. ________.
A) When grain production proved unprofitable for
European farmers, specialization in dairying,
cheese-making, and other products was emphasized
B) In the last quarter of the 19th century, for
example, Australian and North American suppliers
displaced European suppliers of grain in the
European market
C) The demand for food for urban workers and raw
materials for industrial plants produced a
realignment of world trade.
D) Other notable inventions included the seed drill
of the English agriculturist Jethro Tull, developed
in the early 1700s
E) This period also saw the development of the
Byzantine Empire and the power of the Saracens in
the Middle East
13) __________. The ombudsman system—ombudsman is
Swedish for representative—originated in Sweden. It
was established in 1809 by the Riksdag (parliament)
to act as a control on the way the government
conducted its affairs. Today, Sweden has four
ombudsmen whose supervision covers national and
local government agencies, civil servants, and other
officials, and whose function is to uphold the
rights of the rights of the individual against
maladministration and bureaucratic abuse.
A) Ombudsman is the official whose duty is to
investigate public complaints against the actions of
a government
B) The Swedish system has served as a model and
there are now ombudsmen in many other countries
C) In Sweden and elsewhere, the system has been
extended so that special areas, such as consumer
affairs and equal opportunities, have their own
ombudsmen
D) Ombudsmen carry out their duties in two ways
E) Ombudsmen keep a watching brief on the agencies
and institutions under their supervision
14) The development in Freud's theory stemmed from
his observations on dreaming. He came to see that
many of the characteristics of dreams were shared
with the symptomatic memories recalled by his
patients in the narrative of "free association".
______ . He did this in favour of encouraging the
person to speak freely about whatever came into his
or her mind. Unintentionally, the patient would
bring order to these "free associations"—the
structure and content of which Freud used to try to
understand underlying unconscious processes.
A) In his therapeutic relationship with his
patients, Freud had abandoned hypnotic suggestion
B) In dreams, he noted the same apparently
unstructured experiences of thoughts and images
coming into the mind
C) He defined resistance as the unconscious defence
against awareness of repressed experiences in order
to avoid the resulting anxiety
D) He came to understand the mind as a series of
layers with the most superficial layers in conscious
appreciation
E) Over the next two decades Freud's work
concentrated on modifying and improving his theory
of psychoanalysis
15) The Northwest Ordinance was passed by Congress
in 1787. It set up the government structure of the
region north of the Ohio River and west of
Pennsylvania, and then called the Northwest
Territory. It set the conditions under which parts
of the territory could become states having equality
with the older states. ______. The law also
guaranteed freedom of religion and trial by jury in
the Territory.
A) The law also abolished slavery in the Territory
B) The terms were so attractive that thousands of
pioneers poured into the Territory
C) But the ordinance was more than just a plan for
government
D) Eventually, the Territory became the states of
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin
E) However, the law couldn’t make through although
lots of precautions were taken
16) Jargon, the specialized language of a trade or
profession, allows colleagues to communicate with
each other clearly, efficiently, and quickly.
_________. For instance, lawyers and tax accountants
speak of an involuntary conversion of property when
discussing the loss or destruction of property
through theft, accident, or condemnation. So, if
your house burns down, or your car is stolen or
destroyed in an accident, you have, in legal jargon,
suffered an involuntary conversion of your property.
A) But it can also be doublespeak – obscure
terminology used to make the simple appear complex
B) In fact, this can be an inoffensive or positive
word or phrase designed to avoid a harsh, unpleasant
or distasteful reality
C) But it can also be a tactful word or phrase used
to mislead everybody
D) On the other hand, it can also be used to express
one’s grief for other people’s feeling after the
death
E) Indeed, it is a mark of membership to be able to
use and understand the group’s jargon
17) __________. Also it is the answer to which has
profound implications for how people perceive
technology. On the one hand, there are the social
constructionists who believe that technology is a
tool shaped by the bidding of its creators or, at
least, that it is social groups who define and give
meaning to artefacts. On the other hand there is the
view that once launched, technology assumes a life
of its own as an autonomous agent of change, driving
history.
A) Historical accounts of technology can be
constructed from many different perspectives
B) A remarkable feature of the history of
technological development is the invisibility of
women
C) The idea of a technology being appropriate in the
sense of respecting the needs came into prominence
in the 1960s
D) The extent to which technology is under human
control is an important question
E) One striking way of bringing into relief the
values embedded in technologies is by their transfer
from one cultural context to another
18) Hans Christian Andersen is a Danish author,
whose fairy tales have been translated into more
than 80 languages and have inspired plays, ballets,
films, and works of sculpture and painting. Born in
Odense, he suffered from poverty and neglect during
his childhood, and when he was 14 years of age he
ran away to Copenhagen. _________. However, it was
until Collin raised money to provide him with an
education.
A) Andersen had poetry and prose published and plays
produced beginning in 1822.
B) There he worked for Jonas Collin, director of the
Royal Theater
C) Andersen's first novel, The Improviser was well
received by critics
D) Andersen's tales of fantasy, which especially
include “The Ugly Duckling” were innovative in their
handling of sophisticated feelings and ideas
E) The language of his plays was so simple that
children could understand what the theme of the
story was
19) Chimpanzees communicate through vocalizations,
facial expressions, posture, touch, and movement.
Studies show that a young chimp is able to make as
many as 34 different calls, and the facial
musculature can express a wide range of emotions.
The animals show great intelligence in problem
solving and the use of simple tools, such as a
stripped twig used to draw termites from their
nests. A number of experiments have shown that
chimps can even learn to use sign language or other
languages based on pictures or symbols.
_____________.
A) Chimpanzees form loosely organized bands of 2 to
80 individuals on fairly large home ranges
B) Except between mother and young, little
permanency exists in individual relationships
C) Conservation efforts that prohibit the hunting
and sale of chimpanzees provide some protection;
however, these bans are difficult to enforce.
D) However, critics maintain that this does not
constitute an understanding or use of words
E) The brain of a chimpanzee is about half the size
of the human brain.
20) Turtles and Tortoises are common names for
reptiles that are recognized by a hard shell that
encloses the internal organs of the body. They are
ancient life forms; the earliest recognized fossils
date from the Triassic period, about 245 million
years ago. __________. Unlike dinosaurs, however,
turtles and tortoises have continued to adapt and
flourish.
A) Turtles and tortoises show a wide variation in
size, from the 15-cm box turtle of North America to
the giant sea-dwelling leatherback
B) One family of turtles and tortoises constitutes
about half the species in the order
C) Thus, turtles and tortoises were in existence
before the emergence of the great dinosaur groups
D) By virtue of their thin-edged, flat shell these
turtles are well adapted to a life of concealment on
the bottoms of lakes and rivers.
E) In Australia all freshwater species are known as
tortoises.
21) __________. Also it is the answer to which has
profound implications for how people perceive
technology. On the one hand, there are the social
constructionists who believe that technology is a
tool shaped by the bidding of its creators or, at
least, that it is social groups who define and give
meaning to artefacts. On the other hand there is the
view that once launched, technology assumes a life
of its own as an autonomous agent of change, driving
history.
A) Historical accounts of technology can be
constructed from many different perspectives
B) A remarkable feature of the history of
technological development is the invisibility of
women
C) The idea of a technology being appropriate in the
sense of respecting the needs came into prominence
in the 1960s
D) The extent to which technology is under human
control is an important question
E) One striking way of bringing into relief the
values embedded in technologies is by their transfer
from one cultural context to another
22) Chimpanzees communicate through vocalizations,
facial expressions, posture, touch, and movement.
Studies show that a young chimp is able to make as
many as 34 different calls, and the facial
musculature can express a wide range of emotions.
The animals show great intelligence in problem
solving and the use of simple tools, such as a
stripped twig used to draw termites from their
nests. A number of experiments have shown that
chimps can even learn to use sign language or other
languages based on pictures or symbols.
_____________.
A) Chimpanzees form loosely organized bands of 2 to
80 individuals on fairly large home ranges
B) Except between mother and young, little
permanency exists in individual relationships
C) Conservation efforts that prohibit the hunting
and sale of chimpanzees provide some protection;
however, these bans are difficult to enforce.
D) However, critics maintain that this does not
constitute an understanding or use of words
E) The brain of a chimpanzee is about half the size
of the human brain.
23) Turtles and Tortoises are common names for
reptiles that are recognized by a hard shell that
encloses the internal organs of the body. They are
ancient life forms; the earliest recognized fossils
date from the Triassic period, about 245 million
years ago. __________. Unlike dinosaurs, however,
turtles and tortoises have continued to adapt and
flourish.
A) Turtles and tortoises show a wide variation in
size, from the 15-cm box turtle of North America to
the giant sea-dwelling leatherback
B) One family of turtles and tortoises constitutes
about half the species in the order
C) Thus, turtles and tortoises were in existence
before the emergence of the great dinosaur groups
D) By virtue of their thin-edged, flat shell these
turtles are well adapted to a life of concealment on
the bottoms of lakes and rivers.
E) In Australia all freshwater species are known as
tortoises.
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