PP
Ever since Nobel prize-winner Dr. Morris first
advocated vitamin C as a common-cold war weapon more
than 30 years ago, researchers have been busy trying
to verify that claim. But so far, they've found
little evidence that vitamin C prevents colds-in
fact, there are more studies that say it doesn't.
But there is evidence that it can keep coughing and
sneezing to a minimum, and that low levels of
vitamin C in the body may be related to bronchitis.
Q. In the passage we learn that Dr. Morris’s view as
regards vitamin C .......... .
a. has greatly improved the treatment of bronchitis
b. has caused a revolution in medical studies
c. aroused very little interest among medical
exports
d. was based on the results of years of research
e. has not been verified scientifically
<E
Q. As said in the passage, coughing and sneezing
............. .
a. should be taken seriously and treated accordingly
b. are the early symptoms of bronchitis
c. are now being effectively treated without vitamin
C
d. can be reduced with the help of vitamin C
e. do not respond to any treatment whatsoever
<D
Q. During the last three decades there has been a
great deal of scientific effort made to
............. .
a. convince the public of the dangers of vitamin C
b. prove that the common cold can be prevented by
vitamin C
c. establish a connection between coughing and
bronchitis
d. study the adverse effects of vitamin C
e. demonstrate how the body reacts to low levels of
vitamin C
<B
PP
Since early times it has been thought that the
actions of animals are unconscious. Behavior, in
this view, stems almost exclusively from instinct.
If animals behave in ways that seem pretty clever,
they do so without thinking about it. Animals can
know things, the argument goes, but they don't know
that they know. Or do they know? Recent research
reports suggest an astonishing depth of intelligence
among animals. Although no one can yet prove the
existence of animal consciousness, the data offered
make a compelling case for at least considering it
Q. It can be understood from the passage that
traditionally, animals are believed to .........
a. behave not instinctively but logically
b. have an intelligence comparable with man's
c. imitate man in many ways
d. act on instinct
e. know exactly what they are doing
<D
Q. It is told in the passage that modern research
forces one to consider ..... .
a. why animals behave differently under different
circumstances
b. the possibility of intelligence in animals
c. the means by which animal behavior can be
improved
d. how animals can be made to acquire new skills
e. animals to be the equal of man in intelligence
<B
Q. The passage says that, in the light of modern
research, our traditional assumptions about animal
behavior ............ .
a. have been totally disproved
b. have been confirmed
c. have to be reconsidered
d. were indeed based on scientific fact
e. should never have been questioned
<C
PP
The first universities developed in Europe in the
second half of the 12th century. By 1550 Europe
boasted 115 institutions of higher learning, many of
which had gained special privileges from existing
regimes because of their close association with the
Church. In most European countries, universities
were designed mainly for the sons of nobility and
gentry. Scholarly standards were low, and
scholarship was irrelevant for most professions.
Education for earning a livelihood in, say, medicine
or law could be acquired after college by serving as
an apprentice.
Q. In the passage we learn that in the early years
of the universities, ............. .
a. most students wanted to train for a profession
b. the Church disapproved of much of their teaching
c. Western European governments were not at all
interested in education
d. medicine was the most popular subject for study
e. the majority of students came from upper class
families
<E
Q. According to the passage, since most of the early
universities enjoyed the support of the Church
........... .
a. state authorities granted them various rights
b. the number of students they admitted increased
rapidly
c. the academic level of the education they offered
was extremely
d. law naturally became one of the major subjects
offered
e. the education offered was free of charge
<A
Q. As one can understand from the passage, real
professional skills ........... .
a. were taught during the university years
b. were normally acquired through a period of
apprenticeship
c. gained importance in the universities only after
1600
d. were acquired by nearly all university students
e. were taught only to the children of nobility
<B
PP
The effects of sleep loss are subject to a great
many popular misconceptions. The belief that
everyone must sleep 8 hours a night is a myth.
According to the results of a recent survey on the
subject, adults average about 7 to 7.5 hours of
sleep per night, and many individuals function
effectively with 5 to 6 hours of sleep. In fact, 30
percent of the population (slightly more in men)
sleep less than 5 hours per night. Another
significant fact is that sleep time decreases with
age.
Q. According told in the passage, the popular
assumption that eight hours of sleep per night is
essential ............ .
a. is only true for the elderly
b. has been supported by scientific evidence
c. is actually a fallacy
d. is only true for 20 percent of the population
e. is very rarely disputed
<C
Q. The survey referred to in the passage indicates
that as people get older .......... .
a. they sleep less and less
b. they require more sleep than formerly
c. their sleep time varies between 7 and 8 hours
d. they rarely sleep less than 7 hours
e. sleep loss ceases to be a problem
<A
Q. It is pointed out in the passage that a sleep
time under 8 hours ........ .
a. is not recommended in the survey
b. invariably leads to noticeable inefficiency
c. does not necessarily reduce a person's efficiency
d. causes a number of complications in old people
e. is common among women but not among men
<C
PP
Until recently, many archaeologists thought that
civilized communities first appeared in Egypt,
though only a very short time before a similar
development in Mesopotamia: a more recent opinion is
now that the earliest advances may have taken place
in Mesopotamia. Whichever view is followed, it is
important to keep in mind that geographical
conditions in both regions were not the same, and it
can in fact be stated that in Mesopotamia
environmental factors were not as wholly favorable
as in the valley of the Nile.
Q. A more recent view states that the beginnings of
the development of civilization ............. .
a. have only recently been a major preoccupation
among archaeologists
b. were wrongly assumed to se in Mesopotamia
c. were apparently not affected by geographical
conditions
d. in Egypt were greatly hampered by unfavorable
environmental factors
e. seem to have occurred in Mesopotamia rather than,
as once thought, in Egypt.
<E
Q. It is pointed out in the passage that the Nile
valley and Mesopotamia ........... .
a. have never attracted the attention of historians
b. were equally suitable for the rise of
civilization
c. could not have been the home of our earliest
civilizations
d. do not share the same geographical conditions
e. are no longer as fertile as they used to be in
early times
<D
Q. One can understand from the passage that
.............. .
a. our opinions of early history may sometimes need
to be revised
b. archaeologists have never regarded either Egypt
or Mesopotamia as the cradles of civilization
c. geographical conditions play an important role in
the decline of civilization
d. the early civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia
were not similar at all
e. archaeology has not, until recently, been
concerned with this part of the world
<A
PP
Dates and periods are important to the study and
discussion of history, because all historical
phenomena are conditioned by time and are produced
by the sequence of events. Periods, especially, are
retrospective conceptions that we form about past
events; they are useful to focus discussion, but
very often they lead historical thought astray.
Therefore, while it is certainly useful to speak of
the Middle Ages and of the Victorian Age, those two
abstract ideas have deluded many specialists and
millions of newspaper readers into supposing that
during certain decades called the Middle Ages, and
again during certain decades called Age of Victoria,
everyone thought or acted more or less in the same
way-till at last Victoria died or the Middle Ages
came to an end. But in fact there was no such
similarity.
Q. The passage suggests that contrary to common
assumption; the behavior of people ...........
a. was more uniform in the Middle Ages than in the
Victorian Age
b. was not uniform, at all, in any given period
c. is a subject that should also be studied by
historians
d. in any given period is always the same
e. is unrelated to the age they live in
<B
Q. As can be understood from the passage, the
division of history into periods ............ .
a. is both useful and deceptive
b. is avoided by modern historians
c. was rejected in the Victorian Age
d. has been in use since the Middle Ages
e. serves no useful purpose at all
<A
Q. As we can understand from the passage, the study
of history .............. .
a. began in the Middle Ages and reached its height
in the Victorian Age
b. has changed greatly in our time
c. requires a knowledge of dates and periods
d. includes a great variety of interrelated subjects
e. should concentrate on the reconstruction of past
events
<C
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